The main driver of deforestation and forest degradation is the expansion of agricultural land, which is linked to the production of seven commodities: cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, and wood; and some of their derived products, such as leather or furniture.
Overall, around 145,000 tonnes of microplastics are estimated to be used in the EU each year. And 42,000 tonnes of these microplastics end up in the environment from products intentionally containing them. The largest contribution with up to 16,000 tonnes is made by granules from artificial turf pitches.
There are many directives and regulations that address product compliance. Still it is practically impossible to cover all risks for all consumer products. The solution is a broad-based legislation to fill possible gaps and to complement existing and future legislation.
Many products - such as textiles, inks/paints/coatings, plastics, paper, - are coloured with dyes and pigments. These colours can fade or change when the products are exposed to water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc.
Flame retardants are typically added to consumer products to meet flammability standards for furniture, textiles, electronics, and building products like insulation. Fire resistant fabrics could be of two types: natural flame resistant fibers or treated with a flame resistant chemical.
In order to add the required functional properties to textiles, it is customary to subject textile (yarn and/or fabric) to different types of physical and chemical treatments. Textile wet processing is done on manufactured fabrics or yarns.
Biocides are chemicals intended to kill or destroy living (micro)organisms. Preservatives are chemicals used in textiles to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Both biocides and preservatives are biocidal substances which are regulated due to major health and environmental concerns.
Everybody knows textiles. Textiles are materials made from fibers, thin threads or filaments that are natural or synthetic or a combination of both. Textile fibers can be classified in natural (organic) fibres and man-made (synthetic, industrial) fibers, there is an enormous variety of textile fiber types available.
A wrinkle, is a fold, ridge or crease in clothes or garments. Sometimes wrinkles are intentionally added to create a “look” but more often wrinkles are not desired and fabrics are treated to become “wrinkle-free”. In both cases chemical finishing techniques are applied to the fibers or fabrics.
Materials intended for outdoor usage will be exposed to direct sunlight (ultraviolet radiation). This may cause undesirable degradation of the (plastic) materials such as colour change or loss of elongation (elasticity, stretch).
Clothing may be subject to rain, water, oil or dirt. Clothing can be made resistant after treatment with repellents. Repellents resist or hold off unwanted substances from rain to oil.
During the processing of plastics and rubbers the present polymers are subject of various degradation processes such as oxidation, UV-damage or thermal degradation.
Adding antimicrobial additives is a method to create products that are resistant to the adverse effects of microbes. Examples of microbes are bacteria, mould and fungi. Microbes may change or deteriorate the mechanical or electrical properties of materials.